Potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing streptomycin (100 ppm), chloramphenicol (50 ppm) and dichloran (0.002 g/L) was used as isolation medium. Soil, air and Protea repens infructescence samples were taken from three fynbos sampling sites at Stellenbosch (33★6′47″S 18★2′49″E), Riverlands (33☂9′46″S 18☃5′60″E), and Struisbaai (33☄5′06″S 18★8′59″E). 2014c), Lanata-Divaricata (Visagie et al. This paper follows previous papers reporting new Penicillium species isolated during this survey belonging to sections Aspergilloides (Houbraken et al. Here we compare the morphology of these new species with all others previously classified in section Exilicaulis and apply GCPSR using phylogenies of the rDNA region (ITS), β-tubulin ( BenA), calmodulin ( CaM), and RPB2 genes. Fourteen belong to section Exilicaulis and nine of those represent new species. 2008), but did not include all species belonging to these clades.ĭuring a survey of species diversity in the fynbos biome, situated in the Western Cape of South Africa, Penicillium was one of the dominant genera isolated, with roughly 61 species found. This concept was also applied in section Exilicaulis, but the focus was mostly on a subset of species from the P. 2011, Rivera & Seifert 2011, Visagie et al. This approach to species delineation has become standard in Penicillium, especially in studies focused on resolving the taxonomy of specific sections (Houbraken & Samson 2011, Houbraken et al. Exilicaulis, stressing the importance of applying the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) concept (Taylor et al. ( 2008) studied the diversity of Penicillium species in cork bark with a focus on some species of sect. 1999, 2011), but more importantly species and their metabolites were shown to be toxic and to affect human health (Kremer et al. Section Exilicaulis has received some taxonomic attention in recent years, including the introduction of new species (Langlois et al. corylophilum clade (containing biverticillate species), whereas monoverticillate species resolved in several basal clades. This was also supported by a more comprehensive RPB2 (RNA polymerase II second largest subunit) phylogeny revealing a well-supported main P. With a limited strain and species sampling, Houbraken & Samson ( 2011) separated species into two main clades. In the recent re-classification of Penicillium based on phylogenetic data (Houbraken & Samson 2011), section Exilicaulis was redefined to include biverticillate species such as P. restrictum, for species with monoverticillate conidiophores and non-vesiculated stipes. Pitt ( 1980) introduced the name Penicillium sect. hemitrachum, P pagulum, P repensicola, P momoii, P subturcoseum, and P xanthomelinii spp. The nine new species are: Penicillium atrolazulinum, P consobrinum, P cravenianum, P. citreosulfuratum is the correct name for the clade previously considered to represent P. Using codoncode aligner for phylogenic tree update#In this paper we describe the nine new species and update the accepted species list and resolve synonyms in the section. Morphological comparisons confirmed the novelty for most of these, however, new species closely related to P rubefaciens did not show significant or consistent morphological differences and we thus placed a bias on phylogenetic data applying the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) concept. Phylogenetic comparisons of the ITS, β-tubulin, calmodulin and RPB2 gene regions of the 76 section Exilicaulis species, revealed 52 distinct species, including nine new species from fynbos. Exilicaulis and therefore we considered it an opportunity to re-evaluate the taxonomy of the section. Fourteen of these belong to Penicillium sect. A survey of the fynbos biome in South Africa resulted in the isolation of 61 Penicillium species from Protea repens infructescences, air, and soil samples.
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